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Cloud Formation From a Localized Water Release in the Upper Mesosphere: Indication of Rapid Cooling
Author(s) -
Collins Richard L.,
Stevens Michael H.,
Azeem Irfan,
Taylor Michael J.,
Larsen Miguel F.,
Williams Bifford P.,
Li Jintai,
Alspach Jennifer H.,
Pautet PierreDominique,
Zhao Yucheng,
Zhu Xun
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: space physics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-9402
pISSN - 2169-9380
DOI - 10.1029/2019ja027285
Subject(s) - water vapor , atmospheric sciences , mesosphere , altitude (triangle) , relative humidity , environmental science , depth sounding , humidity , frost (temperature) , meteorology , stratosphere , geology , physics , oceanography , geometry , mathematics
Abstract Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) occur in the summer near 82 ‐85km altitude due to seasonal changes of temperature and humidity. However, water vapor and associated PMCs have also been observed associated with rocket exhaust. The effects of this rocket exhaust on the temperature of the upper mesosphere are not well understood. To investigate these effects, 220 kg of pure water was explosively released at 85 km as part of the Super Soaker sounding rocket experiment on the night of January 25–26, 2018 at Poker Flat Research Range (65°N, 147°W). A cloud formed within 18 s and was measured by a ground‐based Rayleigh lidar. The peak altitude of the cloud appeared to descend from 92 to 78 km over 3 min. Temperatures leading up to the release were between 197 and 232 K, about 50 K above the summertime water frost point when PMCs typically occur. The apparent motion of the cloud is interpreted in terms of the expansion of the explosive release. Analysis using a water vapor radiative cooling code coupled to a microphysical model indicates that the cloud formed due to the combined effects of rapid radiative cooling (∼25 K) by meter‐scale filaments of nearly pure water vapor (∼1 ppv) and an increase in the frost point temperature (from 150 to 200 K) due to the high concentration of water vapor. These results indicate that water exhaust not only acts as a reservoir for mesospheric cloud production but also actively cools the mesosphere to induce cloud formation.