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Unusual Anomaly Pattern of the 2015/2016 Extreme El Niño Induced by the 2014 Warm Condition
Author(s) -
Zhong Wenxiu,
Cai Wenju,
Zheng XiaoTong,
Yang Song
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1029/2019gl085681
Subject(s) - upwelling , climatology , anomaly (physics) , boreal , sea surface temperature , geology , atmosphere (unit) , oceanography , convection , western hemisphere warm pool , environmental science , atmospheric sciences , geography , meteorology , physics , paleontology , condensed matter physics
The warm center of the 2015/2016 extreme El Niño was located further to the west compared to previous extreme events, causing vastly different social‐economic impacts. Though many studies investigated ocean‐atmosphere couplings responsible for its large magnitude, the dynamics that govern the unique structure of the event remain elusive. Here we show that a local ocean‐atmosphere feedback among convection‐induced surface winds, oceanic upwelling and sea surface temperature in the far‐eastern Pacific, resulted in a boreal summer cooling tendency along the South American coast. It canceled warming in the far‐eastern equatorial Pacific that would otherwise develop, leading to the distinctive anomaly pattern of the 2015/2016 El Niño. These processes were initially triggered by the leftover anomalous warm sea surface temperature and positive moist static energy over the northeastern tropical Pacific in the following boreal spring of the 2014 warm event.