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Observed Atmospheric and Surface Variability on Heterogeneous Terrain at the Hectometer Scale and Related Advective Transports
Author(s) -
Simó Gemma,
Cuxart Joan,
Jiménez Maria A.,
MartínezVillagrasa Daniel,
Picos Rodrigo,
LópezGrifol Alvaro,
Martí Belén
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1029/2018jd030164
Subject(s) - advection , environmental science , latent heat , terrain , turbulence , sensible heat , humidity , atmospheric sciences , energy budget , diurnal cycle , daytime , meteorology , geology , geography , physics , cartography , thermodynamics
The values of the atmospheric variables follow from mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. These equations involve gradients which, in heterogeneous terrain, lead to a connection of the values at one point to the values in their nearby surroundings, due to turbulence mixing or advective local transports. In this work the observed variability of the air and soil variables is analyzed for a 1‐km 2 surface in a semirural area for a number of weather stations separated typically 150 m. Data show a large variability at the hectometer scale, with several degrees of difference in temperature sustained in time between neighboring points. While in the daytime turbulence contributes to keep the differences moderate, in weak wind nights the spatial variability increases significantly. The variability of soil variables can be large depending on the soil moisture and the vegetation cover and is less sensitive to the diurnal cycle. The inspection of the vertical gradients of temperature and humidity reveals that their sign and intensity, and consequently the corresponding sensible and latent heat fluxes, differ depending on the measuring point. The thermal advection is obtained from the hectometer‐scale network, which is comparable in magnitude to the turbulent fluxes and to the imbalance of the surface energy budget for clear and calm nights. During the day, the advection term may explain part of the energy budget imbalance, particularly when it is computed on a 30‐min time scale. A similar method is applied to the water vapor, finding that in the very dry conditions of the experiment, moisture advection is significant and with values comparable to the evapotranspiration.