Sources of Black Carbon Deposition to the Himalayan Glaciers in Current and Future Climates
Author(s) -
Alvarado Matthew J.,
Winijkul Ekbordin,
AdamsSelin Rebecca,
Hunt Eric,
Brodowski Christopher,
Lonsdale Chantelle R.,
Shindell Drew T.,
Faluvegi Gregory,
Kleiman Gary,
Mosier Thomas M.,
Kumar Rajesh
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1029/2018jd029049
Subject(s) - deposition (geology) , environmental science , air quality index , current (fluid) , emission inventory , climate change , climatology , atmospheric sciences , physical geography , meteorology , geography , geology , oceanography , structural basin , paleontology
Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry and a modified version of the Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short‐Lived Pollutants (ECLIPSE) 5a emission inventory were used to investigate the sources impacting black carbon (BC) deposition to the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush (HKHK) region. This work extends previous studies by simulating deposition to the HKHK region not only under current conditions but also in the 2040–2050 period under two realistic emission scenarios and in three different phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Under current conditions, sources from outside our South Asian modeling domain have a similar impact on total BC deposition to the HKHK region (35–87%, varying with month) as South Asian anthropogenic sources (13–62%). Industry (primarily brick kilns) and residential solid fuel burning combined account for 45–66% of the in‐domain anthropogenic BC deposition to the HKHK region. Under a no further control emission scenario for 2040–2050, the relative contributions to BC deposition in the HKHK region are more skewed toward in‐domain anthropogenic sources (45–65%) relative to sources outside the domain (26–52%). The in‐domain anthropogenic BC deposition has significant contributions from industry (32–42%), solid fuel burning (17–28%), and diesel fuel burning (17–27%). Under a scenario in which emissions in South Asia are mitigated, the relative contribution from South Asian anthropogenic sources is significantly reduced to 11–34%. The changes due to phase of ENSO do not seem to follow consistent patterns with ENSO. Future work will use the high‐resolution deposition maps developed here to determine the impact of different sources of BC on glacier melt and water availability in the region.