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Surface Water Temperature Heterogeneity at Subpixel Satellite Scales and Its Effect on the Surface Cooling Estimates of a Large Lake: Airborne Remote Sensing Results From Lake Geneva
Author(s) -
Irani Rahaghi Abolfazl,
Lemmin Ulrich,
Barry David Andrew
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: oceans
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-9291
pISSN - 2169-9275
DOI - 10.1029/2018jc014451
Subject(s) - subpixel rendering , environmental science , satellite , orography , spatial variability , atmospheric sciences , surface water , pixel , climatology , precipitation , meteorology , geology , geography , physics , optics , mathematics , statistics , astronomy , environmental engineering
The dynamics of spatial heterogeneity of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) at subpixel satellite scale O(1 m) and its effect on the surface cooling estimation at typical satellite pixel areas O(1 km 2 ) were investigated using an airborne platform. The measurements provide maps that revealed spatial LSWT variability with unprecedented detail. The cold season data did not show significant LSWT heterogeneity and hence no surface cooling spatial variability. However, based on three selected daytime subpixel‐scale maps, LSWT patterns showed a variability of >2 °C in the spring and >3.5 °C in the summer, corresponding to a spatial surface cooling range of >20 and >40 W/m 2 , respectively. Due to the nonlinear relationship between turbulent surface heat fluxes and LSWT, negatively skewed LSWT distributions resulted in negatively skewed surface cooling patterns under very stable or predominantly unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions and positively skewed surface cooling patterns under predominantly stable ABL conditions. Implementing a mean spatial filter, the effect of area‐averaged LSWT on the surface cooling estimation up to a typical satellite pixel was assessed. The effect of the averaging filter size on the mean spatial surface cooling values was negligible, except for predominantly stable ABL conditions. In that situation, a reduction of ~3.5 W/m 2 was obtained when moving from high O(1 m) to low O(1 km) pixel resolution.