Open AccessDynamics of Outgassing and Plume Transport Revealed by Proximal Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Measurements at Volcán Villarrica, Chile
Author(s) -
Liu Emma J.,
Wood Kieran,
Mason Emily,
Edmonds Marie,
Aiuppa Alessandro,
Giudice Gaetano,
Bitetto Marcello,
Francofonte Vincenzo,
Burrow Steve,
Richardson Thomas,
Watson Matthew,
Pering Tom D.,
Wilkes Thomas C.,
McGonigle Andrew J. S.,
Velasquez Gabriela,
Melgarejo Carlos,
Bucarey Claudia
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.928
H-Index - 136
ISSN - 1525-2027
DOI - 10.1029/2018gc007692
Subject(s) - volcano , plume , outgassing , impact crater , geology , volcanic gases , flux (metallurgy) , panache , trace gas , atmospheric sciences , meteorology , geochemistry , astrobiology , chemistry , physics , organic chemistry
Volcanic gas emissions are intimately linked to the dynamics of magma ascent and outgassing and, on geological time scales, constitute an important source of volatiles to the Earth's atmosphere. Measurements of gas composition and flux are therefore critical to both volcano monitoring and to determining the contribution of volcanoes to global geochemical cycles. However, significant gaps remain in our global inventories of volcanic emissions, (particularly for CO 2 , which requires proximal sampling of a concentrated plume) for those volcanoes where the near‐vent region is hazardous or inaccessible. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provide a robust and effective solution to proximal sampling of dense volcanic plumes in extreme volcanic environments. Here we present gas compositional data acquired using a gas sensor payload aboard a UAS flown at Volcán Villarrica, Chile. We compare UAS‐derived gas time series to simultaneous crater rim multi‐GAS data and UV camera imagery to investigate early plume evolution. SO 2 concentrations measured in the young proximal plume exhibit periodic variations that are well correlated with the concentrations of other species. By combining molar gas ratios (CO 2 /SO 2 = 1.48–1.68, H 2 O/SO 2 = 67–75, and H 2 O/CO 2 = 45–51) with the SO 2 flux (142 ± 17 t/day) from UV camera images, we derive CO 2 and H 2 O fluxes of ~150 t/day and ~2,850 t/day, respectively. We observe good agreement between time‐averaged molar gas ratios obtained from simultaneous UAS‐ and ground‐based multi‐GAS acquisitions. However, the UAS measurements made in the young, less diluted plume reveal additional short‐term periodic structure that reflects active degassing through discrete, audible gas exhalations.