Open AccessWind and waves in extreme hurricanes
Author(s) -
Holthuijsen Leo H.,
Powell Mark D.,
Pietrzak Julie D.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: oceans
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.67
H-Index - 298
eISSN - 2156-2202
pISSN - 0148-0227
DOI - 10.1029/2012jc007983
Subject(s) - wind speed , swell , surface roughness , wind shear , wind wave , meteorology , breaking wave , maximum sustained wind , environmental science , surface finish , wind stress , roughness length , merge (version control) , geology , atmospheric sciences , wind profile power law , wind gradient , physics , materials science , wave propagation , optics , computer science , oceanography , quantum mechanics , composite material , information retrieval
Waves breaking at the ocean surface are important to the dynamical, chemical and biological processes at the air‐sea interface. The traditional view is that the white capping and aero‐dynamical surface roughness increase with wind speed up to a limiting value. This view is fundamental to hurricane forecasting and climate research but it has never been verified at extreme winds. Here we show with observations that at high wind speeds white caps remain constant and at still higher wind speeds are joined, and increasingly dominated, by streaks of foam and spray. At surface wind speeds of ∼40 m/s the streaks merge into a white out, the roughness begins to decrease and a high‐velocity surface jet begins to develop. The roughness reduces to virtually zero by ∼80 m/s wind speed, rendering the surface aero‐dynamically extremely smooth in the most intense part of extreme (or major) hurricanes (wind speed > 50 m/s). A preliminary assessment shows that cross swell, dominant in large regions of hurricanes, allows the roughness under high wind conditions to increase considerably before it reduces to the same low values.