Modeling the superstorm in November 2003

The superstorm on 20–21 November 2003 was the largest geomagnetic storm in solar cycle 23 as measured by Dst, which attained a minimum value of −422 nT. We have simulated this storm to understand how particles originating from the solar wind and ionosphere get access to the magnetosphere and how the subsequent transport and energization processes contribute to the buildup of the ring current. The global electromagnetic configuration and the solar wind H + distribution are specified by the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) magnetohydrodynamics model. The outflow of H + and O + ions from the ionosphere are also considered. Their trajectories in the magnetosphere are followed by a test‐particle code. The particle distributions at the inner plasma sheet established by the LFM model and test‐particle calculations are then used as boundary conditions for a ring current model. Our simulations reproduce the rapid decrease of Dst during the storm main phase and the fast initial phase of recovery. Shielding in the inner magnetosphere is established at early main phase. This shielding field lasts several hours and then breaks down at late main phase. At the peak of the storm, strong penetration of ions earthward to L shell of 1.5 is revealed in the simulation. It is surprising that O + is significant but not the dominant species in the ring current in our calculation for this major storm. It is very likely that substorm effects are not well represented in the models and O + energization is underestimated. Ring current simulation with O + energy density at the boundary set comparable to Geotail observations produces excellent agreement with the observed symH. As expected in superstorms, ring current O + is the dominant species over H + during the main to midrecovery phase of the storm.