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Contribution of melt in the Beaufort Sea to the decline in Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage: 1993–2009
Author(s) -
Kwok R.,
Cunningham G. F.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1029/2010gl044678
Subject(s) - arctic , oceanography , sea ice , beaufort sea , beaufort scale , geology , arctic ice pack , ocean gyre , arctic sea ice decline , climatology , the arctic , outflow , environmental science , antarctic sea ice , fishery , subtropics , biology
For the summers of 1993 through 2009, we estimate the loss of multiyear sea ice (MYI) area in the Beaufort Sea due to melt. Parcels of MYI in April are traced into the Beaufort Sea where they melt as the ice edge retreats. Net loss of area (with fractional MYI coverage >50%) over the 17‐year period is ∼900 × 10 3 km 2 . Three‐quarters of that area, ∼10% of the area of the Arctic Ocean, was lost after 2000. There is a clear positive trend in the record, with a distinct peak of 213 × 10 3 km 2 in 2008; this is twice the summer outflow at the Fram Strait that year. The net melt area of 490 × 10 3 km 2 between 2005 and 2008 accounts for nearly 32% of the net loss of 1.54 × 10 6 km 2 of Arctic Ocean MYI coverage over the same period. Volume loss, for the years with ICESat thickness (2004–2009), is highest at 473 km 3 in 2008 followed by 320 km 3 in 2007. Net loss in MYI volume for the six summers is ∼1400 km 3 . This is ∼20% of the loss in MYI volume of 6300 km 3 during 2004–2008. This adds to the freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean and locally to the freshening of the Beaufort Gyre.