Atomic and molecular ion dynamics during equatorial spread F

The first simulation study of atomic and molecular ion dynamics during equatorial spread F (ESF) is presented. The simulation results are based on the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) SAMI3/ESF three‐dimensional code. The key findings are the following: (1) a ‘super fountain’ effect can occur in the initial stage of ESF with upward ion velocities ∼1 km/s, (2) plasma depletions can be enhanced by the ‘drainage’ of H + ions along the geomagnetic field, and (3) molecular ions (e.g., NO + ) can be ‘lifted’ to high altitudes (≳400 km). We compare these results with satellite observations where applicable.