Premium
Groundwater flow and groundwater‐stream interaction in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks: Insights from numerical models
Author(s) -
Fan Ying,
Toran Laura,
Schlische Roy W.
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
water resources research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.863
H-Index - 217
eISSN - 1944-7973
pISSN - 0043-1397
DOI - 10.1029/2006wr004864
Subject(s) - geology , groundwater , groundwater flow , sedimentary rock , anisotropy , bedding , streams , magnetic dip , aquifer , geomorphology , flow (mathematics) , soil science , petrology , geotechnical engineering , geophysics , geometry , geochemistry , computer network , physics , mathematics , quantum mechanics , computer science , horticulture , biology
Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it is also influenced by structure. Field evidence indicates that groundwater is older on the downdip side of a stream (asymmetry) and that dip‐aligned streams receive more base flow than strike‐aligned streams (anisotropy). We present detailed numerical models to evaluate the effects of various factors that influence groundwater flow pathways. The models simulate a small watershed drained by headwater streams and underlain by dipping strata. Groundwater flow can be characterized by three components: down the hydraulic gradient, downdip, and along strike. The degree of anisotropy and asymmetry depends on several factors: efficiency of the weathered horizon, bedding anisotropy, and bedding dip angle. Whereas anisotropy increases linearly with dip angle, asymmetry is greatest at a threshold angle. This threshold angle is related to the mean groundwater flow direction in an equivalent homogeneous and isotropic system.