Paleosecular variation and the average geomagnetic field at ±20° latitude

We assembled a new paleomagnetic directional data set from lava flows and thin dikes for four regions centered on ±20° latitude: Hawaii, Mexico, the South Pacific, and Reunion. We investigate geomagnetic field behavior over the past 5 Myr and address whether geographical differences are recorded by our data set. We include inclination data from other globally distributed sites with the ±20° data to determine the best fitting time‐averaged field (TAF) for a two‐parameter longitudinally symmetric (zonal) model. Values for our model parameters, the axial quadrupole and octupole terms, are 4% and 6% of the axial dipole, respectively. Our estimate of the quadrupole term is compatible with most previous studies of deviations from a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) field. Our estimated octupole term is larger than that from normal polarity continental and igneous rocks, and oceanic sediments, but consistent with that from reversed polarity continental and igneous rocks. The variance reduction compared with a GAD field is ∼12%, and the remaining signal is attributed to paleosecular variation (PSV). We examine PSV at ±20° using virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) dispersion and comparisons of directional distributions with simulations from two statistical models. Regionally, the Hawaii and Reunion data sets lack transitional magnetic directions and have similar inclination anomalies and VGP dispersion. In the Pacific hemisphere, Hawaii has a large inclination anomaly, and the South Pacific exhibits high PSV. The deviation of the TAF from a GAD contradicts earlier ideas of a “Pacific dipole window,” and the strong regional PSV in the South Pacific contrasts with the generally low secular variation found on short timescales. The TAF and PSV at Hawaii and Reunion are distinct from values for the South Pacific and Mexico, demonstrating the need for time‐averaged and paleosecular variation models that can describe nonzonal field structures. Investigations of zonal statistical PSV models reveal that recent models are incompatible with the empirical ±20° directional distributions and cannot fit the data by simply adjusting relative variance contributions to the PSV. The ±20° latitude data set also suggests less PSV and smaller persistent deviations from a geocentric axial dipole field during the Brunhes.