Open AccessIncompatible element ratios in oceanic basalts and komatiites: Tracking deep mantle sources and continental growth rates with time
Author(s) -
Condie Kent C.
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.928
H-Index - 136
ISSN - 1525-2027
DOI - 10.1029/2002gc000333
Subject(s) - geology , basalt , mantle (geology) , continental crust , mantle plume , geochemistry , incompatible element , oceanic crust , archean , partial melting , subduction , paleontology , lithosphere , tectonics
Ratios of elements with similar incompatibilities in the mantle can be used to characterize magma sources through time. Nb/Y and Zr/Y distributions in oceanic basalts support the existence of a long‐lived, deep depleted source in mantle. Zr/Y, Nb/Y, Zr/Nb, and Nb/Th ratios in oceanic basalts and komatiites suggest that depleted and recycled components, together probably with an enriched component, were present in the deep mantle by 3.5 Ga. Low Zr/Nb and Hf/Sm ratios and high La/Yb and Nb/Y ratios in some plume basalts and Al‐depleted komatiites may reflect majorite fractionation. High Zr/Nb ratios and low Nb/Y ratios in Archean Al‐undepleted komatiites may record partial melting of a Mg‐perovskite source in deep mantle plumes in which Mg‐perovskite crystallizes and accumulates in komatiite melts during ascent. Oceanic greenstone basalts show a gradual increase in the Nb/Th ratio with time with a relatively sudden increase at about 2 Ga. This trend is consistent with gradual continental growth and with a major episode of continental growth at 2.7 Ga. Nb/Th ratios in some Early Archean basalts may record extraction of up to 25% of the present volume of continental crust from the early upper mantle. An alternative explanation for the rapid increase in Nb/Th in oceanic basalts at 2 Ga is that a catastrophic 2.7‐Ga event in the mantle changed the composition or/and location of the primary volume of mantle from which continental crust was extracted.