Hydrocarbon measurements at Pabstthum during the BERLIOZ campaign and modeling of free radicals

The Photochemistry Experiment in BERLIOZ (PHOEBE) was conducted in July/August 1998 at a rural site located near the small village Pabstthum, about 50 km NW of downtown Berlin. More than 60 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the range of C 2 –C 10 were measured using two in situ gas chromatography (GC) systems. The first (GC1) was capable of measuring C 2 –C 10 hydrocarbons with a relatively high separation efficiency but low time resolution (80–90 min), while GC2 provided quasi‐continuous measurements of C 5 –C 10 hydrocarbons with a time resolution of 20 min but with a poorer separation efficiency than GC1. The advantages of both systems were joined by interpolation between two data points of GC1 with the pattern given by GC2. For compounds that could not be reliably measured with GC2, patterns of compounds with similar reactivity were used. Air masses with the lowest photochemical age as estimated from the toluene/benzene ratio and the highest hydrocarbon mixing ratios were observed on 20 and 21 July when air was advected from the direction of Berlin. Alkanes were the most abundant hydrocarbons (∼60%) on a molecular basis, followed by alkenes and aromatics. The reactivity of the hydrocarbons toward OH was dominated by the alkenes (>60%), with isoprene and α‐pinene constituting the major part. The hydrocarbon data were used together with the other trace gases measured at Pabstthum to simulate OH, HO 2 , and RO 2 concentrations with the condensed chemical box model RACM. Relatively good agreement of the simulated radical concentrations with the spectroscopic measurements made at Pabstthum is observed for NO x mixing ratios >5 ppb, whereas the model overestimates OH and HO 2 by 100% and 40%, respectively, at low NO x . The discrepancy between measured and modeled OH does not correlate with the concentration of particles. The RO 2 concentrations are in good agreement with the measurements over the entire range of NO x . Sensitivity studies show that peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important radical source and that missing volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity is an unlikely explanation for the overestimation of HO x : By doubling of the VOC reactivity, OH and HO 2 can be brought into agreement. However, the model then overestimates the organic RO 2 concentrations by almost a factor of 2. Another important finding is that RACM overestimates the measured NO/NO 2 ratio by 25%. This and the overestimation of HO 2 lead to an overprediction of the local ozone formation rate by about 40% at low NO x mixing ratios.