Open AccessNO x production by lightning over the continental United States
Author(s) -
Bond Donald W.,
Zhang Renyi,
Tie Xuexi,
Brasseur Guy,
Huffines Gary,
Orville Richard E.,
Boccippio Dennis J.
Publication year - 2001
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.67
H-Index - 298
eISSN - 2156-2202
pISSN - 0148-0227
DOI - 10.1029/2000jd000191
Subject(s) - lightning (connector) , lightning detection , environmental science , meteorology , troposphere , satellite , atmospheric sciences , upper atmospheric lightning , atmospheric electricity , lightning strike , physics , thunderstorm , electric field , power (physics) , quantum mechanics , astronomy
The production of NO x by lightning over the contiguous United States has been evaluated by using combined ground‐based and satellite lightning measurements. The lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) over the period of 1995–1999, along with a ratio of intracloud (IC) to cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes derived in conjunction with satellite lightning measurements from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), are analyzed to obtain the number of CG and IC flashes. The average annual lightning counts over the 5‐year period are about 23 million for CG flashes and 55 million for IC flashes. The resulting lightning distributions are employed to calculate the production of NO x , assuming a NO production rate of 6.7 × 10 26 molecules for each CG flash and 6.7 × 10 25 molecules for each IC flash. NO x production by lightning varies seasonally in accordance with the lightning distribution, with the maximum production occurring in the summer (June, July, and August) and in the Southeast. CG flashes produce more NOA than IC flashes despite fewer CG flashes by a factor of 2 or more. The geographical and seasonal production of NO x by lightning is compared to NO x emissions from other sources (i.e., from anthropogenic, soil, and biomass‐burning emissions). The results indicate that regional emissions of NO x by lightning can be significant in the summertime and may play a critical role in ozone formation in the free troposphere. Our estimate of NO x emission by lightning over the United States would decrease by an order of magnitude if we use the production rates from a recent laboratory study [ Wang et al. , 1998] that are significantly lower than previous estimates.