Open AccessNatural emissions of chlorine‐containing gases: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory
Author(s) -
Khalil M. A. K.,
Moore R. M.,
Harper D. B.,
Lobert J. M.,
Erickson D. J.,
Koropalov V.,
Sturges W. T.,
Keene W. C.
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.67
H-Index - 298
eISSN - 2156-2202
pISSN - 0148-0227
DOI - 10.1029/1998jd100079
Subject(s) - chlorine , chloride , chloroform , environmental chemistry , emission inventory , environmental science , greenhouse gas , dichloromethane , trace gas , atmosphere (unit) , chemistry , atmospheric sciences , air pollution , meteorology , geology , geography , organic chemistry , oceanography , solvent
Although there are many chlorine‐containing trace gases in the atmosphere, only those with atmospheric lifetimes of 2 years or fewer appear to have significant natural sources. The most abundant of these gases are methyl chloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Methyl chloride represents about 540 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) Cl, while the others together amount to about 120 pptv Cl. For methyl chloride and chloroform, both oceanic and land‐based natural emissions have been identified. For the other gases, there is evidence of oceanic emissions, but the roles of the soils and land are not known and have not been studied. The global annual emission rates from the oceans are estimated to be 460 Gg Cl/yr for CH 3 Cl, 320 Gg Cl/yr for CHCl 3 , 160 Gg Cl/yr for CH 2 Cl 2 , and about 20 Gg Cl/yr for each of C 2 HCl 3 , and C 2 Cl 4 . Land‐based emissions are estimated to be 100 Gg Cl/yr for CH 3 Cl and 200 Gg Cl/yr for CHCl 3 . These results suggest that the oceans account for about 12% of the global annual emissions of methyl chloride, although until now oceans were thought to be the major source. For chloroform, natural emissions from the oceans and lands appear to be the major sources. For further research, the complete database compiled for this work is available from the archive, which includes a monthly emissions inventory on a 1° × 1° latitude‐longitude grid for oceanic emissions of methyl chloride.