Open AccessLow-Cost and High-Performance Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Author(s) -
Kun Wang,
Jin Yu,
Shixiong Sun,
Yangyang Huang,
Jian Peng,
Jiahuan Luo,
Qin Zhang,
Yuegang Qiu,
Chun Fang,
Jiantao Han
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
acs omega
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.779
H-Index - 40
ISSN - 2470-1343
DOI - 10.1021/acsomega.7b00259
Subject(s) - carbonization , anode , faraday efficiency , materials science , microstructure , cyclic voltammetry , electrochemistry , chemical engineering , raman spectroscopy , carbon fibers , nanotechnology , electrode , scanning electron microscope , composite material , chemistry , composite number , physics , optics , engineering
As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hard carbon (HC) presents high specific capacity and favorable cycling performance. However, high cost and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC seriously limit its future commercialization for SIBs. A typical biowaste, mangosteen shell was selected as a precursor to prepare low-cost and high-performance HC via a facile one-step carbonization method, and the influence of different heat treatments on the morphologies, microstructures, and electrochemical performances was investigated systematically. The microstructure evolution studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, along with electrochemical measurements, reveals the optimal carbonization condition of the mangosteen shell: HC carbonized at 1500 °C for 2 h delivers the highest reversible capacity of ∼330 mA h g -1 at a current density of 20 mA g -1 , a capacity retention of ∼98% after 100 cycles, and an ICE of ∼83%. Additionally, the sodium-ion storage behavior of HC is deeply analyzed using galvanostatic intermittent titration and cyclic voltammetry technologies.