Dinucleoside Polyphosphates as RNA Building Blocks with Pairing Ability in Transcription Initiation

Dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np n Ns) were discovered 50 years ago in all cells. They are often called alarmones, even though the molecular target of the alarm has not yet been identified. Recently, we showed that they serve as noncanonical initiating nucleotides (NCINs) and fulfill the role of 5' RNA caps in Escherichia coli . Here, we present molecular insight into their ability to be used as NCINs by T7 RNA polymerase in the initiation phase of transcription. In general, we observed Np n Ns to be equally good substrates as canonical nucleotides for T7 RNA polymerase. Surprisingly, the incorporation of Ap n Gs boosts the production of RNA 10-fold. This behavior is due to the pairing ability of both purine moieties with the -1 and +1 positions of the antisense DNA strand. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed noncanonical pairing of adenosine with the thymine of the DNA.