Does Sb2Se3 Admit Nonstoichiometric Conditions? How Modifying the Overall Se Content Affects the Structural, Optical, and Optoelectronic Properties of Sb2Se3 Thin Films

Sb 2 Se 3 is a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor, which has shown great promise in photovoltaics. However, its performance is currently limited by a high V oc deficit. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new strategies to minimize the formation of intrinsic defects and thus unlock the absorber's whole potential. It has been reported that tuning the Se/Sb relative content could enable a selective control of the defects. Furthermore, recent experimental evidence has shown that moderate Se excess enhances the photovoltaic performance; however, it is not yet clear whether this excess has been incorporated into the structure. In this work, a series of Sb 2 Se 3 thin films have been prepared imposing different nominal compositions (from Sb-rich to Se-rich) and then have been thoroughly characterized using compositional, structural, and optical analysis techniques. Hence, it is shown that Sb 2 Se 3 does not allow an extended range of nonstoichiometric conditions. Instead, any Sb or Se excesses are compensated in the form of secondary phases. Also, a correlation has been found between operating under Se-rich conditions and an improvement in the crystalline orientation, which is likely related to the formation of a MoSe 2 phase in the back interface. Finally, this study shows new utilities of Raman, X-ray diffraction, and photothermal deflection spectroscopy combination techniques to examine the structural properties of Sb 2 Se 3 , especially how well-oriented the material is.