Open AccessThe Global Rise of Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Management: Drivers, Technologies, and Future Directions
Author(s) -
Tiezheng Tong,
Menachem Elimelech
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
environmental science and technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.851
H-Index - 397
eISSN - 1520-5851
pISSN - 0013-936X
DOI - 10.1021/acs.est.6b01000
Subject(s) - greenhouse gas , environmental science , incentive , emerging technologies , china , wastewater , environmental economics , natural resource economics , business , waste management , environmental engineering , environmental resource management , environmental planning , engineering , economics , computer science , ecology , artificial intelligence , political science , law , biology , microeconomics
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD)-a wastewater management strategy that eliminates liquid waste and maximizes water usage efficiency - has attracted renewed interest worldwide in recent years. Although implementation of ZLD reduces water pollution and augments water supply, the technology is constrained by high cost and intensive energy consumption. In this critical review, we discuss the drivers, incentives, technologies, and environmental impacts of ZLD. Within this framework, the global applications of ZLD in the United States and emerging economies such as China and India are examined. We highlight the evolution of ZLD from thermal- to membrane-based processes, and analyze the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging ZLD technologies. The potential environmental impacts of ZLD, notably greenhouse gas emission and generation of solid waste, are discussed and the prospects of ZLD technologies and research needs are highlighted.