Open AccessMultilayered Microfluidic Paper-Based Devices: Characterization, Modeling, and Perspectives
Author(s) -
Robert B. Chan,
Michael P. Nguyen,
Charles S. Henry,
David S. Dandy
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
analytical chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.117
H-Index - 332
eISSN - 1520-6882
pISSN - 0003-2700
DOI - 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01112
Subject(s) - microfluidics , volumetric flow rate , flow (mathematics) , capillary action , fluid dynamics , nanotechnology , mechanics , chemistry , mechanical engineering , materials science , engineering , composite material , physics
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are simple but powerful analytical tools that are gaining significant recent attention due to their many advantages over more traditional monitoring tools. These include being inexpensive, portable, pump-free, and having the ability to store reagents. One major limitation of these devices is slow flow rates, which are controlled by capillary action in the hydrophilic pores of cellulosic paper. Recent investigations have advanced the flow rates in μPADs through the generation of a gap or channel between two closely spaced paper sheets. This multilayered format has opened up μPADs to new applications and detection schemes, where large gap sizes (>300 μm) provide at least 169× faster flow rates than single-layer μPADs, but do not conform to established mathematical models for fluid transport in porous materials, such as the classic Lucas-Washburn equation. In the present study, experimental investigations and analytical modeling are applied to elucidate the driving forces behind the rapid flow rates in these devices. We investigate a range of hypotheses for the systems fluid dynamics and establish a theoretical model to predict the flow rate in multilayered μPADs that takes into account viscous dissipation within the paper. Device orientation, sample addition method, and the gap height are found to be critical concerns when modeling the imbibition in multilayered devices.