Endocytic prolactin routes to the secretory pathway in lactating mammary epithelial cells

Plasma‐borne prolactin is carried from blood to milk by transcytosis across the mammary epithelial cell through the endocytic and secretory pathways. To determine the precise route of prolactin endocytosis, intracellular transport of biotinylated prolactin was monitored, in parallel with endocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated dextran and IgG, by using pulse‐chase experiments in lactating mammary fragments and in enzymatically dissociated acini. Biotinylated prolactin was sorted to vesiculo‐tubular organelles whereas dextran was very rapidly carried to the lumen and IgG remained accumulated in the basal region of cells. To determine whether prolactin uses routes into and across the Golgi and trans‐Golgi network, localisation of biotinylated prolactin was combined with the immunofluorescence detection of caseins and, respectively, p58 and TGN38. Biotinylated prolactin strongly colocalised with caseins during a chase but not all or only very little with p58 and TGN38. To characterise the organelles involved in transcytosis, gold‐labelled prolactin, experimentally accumulated in late endosomes and which recovered a normal transport, was localised by electron microscopy. In mammary fragments incubated at low temperature, and in mammary fragments from rats fed with a lipid‐deprived diet, transport of gold‐labelled prolactin was restored by increasing the temperature and by adding arachidonic acid, respectively. These data demonstrate that a sorting occurs very rapidly between prolactin, dextran and IgG. They suggest that prolactin may reach the biosynthetic pathway after direct fusion between multivesicular bodies and secretory vesicles.