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Sonographically Guided Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injections: Technique and Validation
Author(s) -
Hackel Joshua G.,
Khan Umar,
Loveland Dustin M.,
Smith Jay
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
pmandr
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.617
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1934-1563
pISSN - 1934-1482
DOI - 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.07.008
Subject(s) - posterior cruciate ligament , medicine , cadaveric spasm , cruciate ligament , neurovascular bundle , cadaver , nuclear medicine , popliteal fossa , surgery , anterior cruciate ligament , anatomy
Objective To describe and validate a technique for sonographically guided posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injections. Design Prospective, cadaveric laboratory investigation. Setting Procedural skills laboratory. Subjects Eight unembalmed, cadaveric, mid‐thigh–knee specimens (4 left knees and 4 right knees) obtained from 4 male and 4 female donors aged 57 to 64 years (mean 60.8 years) with body mass indices of 27.7 to 36.5 kg/m 2 (mean 32 kg/m 2 ). Methods A 5‐2–MHz curvilinear probe and a 22‐gauge, 78‐mm stainless steel needle was used to inject 2 mL of diluted blue latex into the PCL of each specimen using an in‐plane, caudad‐to‐cephalad approach. At a minimum of 24 hours postinjection, each specimen was dissected to assess the presence and distribution of latex within the PCL. Main Outcome Presence and distribution of latex within the PCL. Results All 8 injections accurately delivered latex throughout the PCL, including the tibial and femoral footprints. In 2 of 8 specimens (25%), a small amount of latex was noted to extend beyond the PCL and into the joint space. No specimens exhibited evidence of needle injury of latex infiltration with respect to the popliteal neurovascular bundle, menisci, hyaline cartilage, or anterior cruciate ligament. Conclusions Sonographically guided intraligamentous PCL injections are technically feasible and can be performed with a high degree of accuracy. Sonographically guided PCL injections should be considered for research and clinical purposes to deliver therapeutic agents into the PCL postinjury or postreconstruction.