Open AccessThe biology of cancer testis antigens: Putative function, regulation and therapeutic potential
Author(s) -
Fratta Elisabetta,
Coral Sandra,
Covre Alessia,
Parisi Giulia,
Colizzi Francesca,
Danielli Riccardo,
Marie Nicolay Hugues Jean,
Sigalotti Luca,
Maio Michele
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
molecular oncology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.332
H-Index - 88
eISSN - 1878-0261
pISSN - 1574-7891
DOI - 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.02.001
Subject(s) - epigenetics , biology , immunotherapy , cancer , dna methylation , cancer research , clinical trial , antigen , bioinformatics , immunology , medicine , gene expression , gene , genetics
Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are a large family of tumor‐associated antigens expressed in human tumors of different histological origin, but not in normal tissues except for testis and placenta. This tumor‐restricted pattern of expression, together with their strong in vivo immunogenicity, identified CTA as ideal targets for tumor‐specific immunotherapeutic approaches, and prompted the development of several clinical trials of CTA‐based vaccine therapy. Driven by this practical clinical interest, a more detailed characterization of CTA biology has been recently undertaken. So far, at least 70 families of CTA, globally accounting for about 140 members, have been identified. Most of these CTA are expressed during spermatogenesis, but their function is still largely unknown. Epigenetic events, particularly DNA methylation, appear to be the primary mechanism regulating CTA expression in both normal and transformed cells, as well as in cancer stem cells. In view of the growing interest in CTA biology, the aim of this review is to provide the most recent information on their expression, regulation and function, together with a brief summary of the major clinical trials involving CTA as therapeutic agents. The pharmacologic modulation of CTA expression profiles on neoplastic cells by DNA hypomethylating drugs will also be discussed as a feasible approach to design new combination therapies potentially able to improve the clinical efficacy of currently adopted CTA‐based immunotherapeutic regimens in cancer patients.