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The incretin hormones glucagonlike peptide 1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are neuroprotective in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease
Author(s) -
Hölscher Christian
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
alzheimer's and dementia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.713
H-Index - 118
eISSN - 1552-5279
pISSN - 1552-5260
DOI - 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.009
Subject(s) - incretin , liraglutide , neuroprotection , endocrinology , presenilin , medicine , amyloid precursor protein , neurogenesis , amyloid (mycology) , dentate gyrus , alzheimer's disease , neuroscience , type 2 diabetes , diabetes mellitus , hippocampal formation , biology , disease , pathology
The incretin hormones glucagonlike peptide 1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes and also act as growth factors. We have tested several long‐acting incretin mimetics in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) Swe /presenilin 1 (PS1) ΔE9 model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that liraglutide, lixisenatide, and D‐Ala2‐GIP cross the blood–brain barrier and prevent the impairment in memory formation and synaptic plasticity, increase synapse numbers, reduce amyloid plaque load and soluble amyloid‐β levels, reduce oxidative stress and the chronic inflammation response in the brain, enhance the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells, and increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. In an 18 fluorodeoxyglucoe positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic imaging study in PLB1‐triple mice, a mouse model that expresses human mutated APP, PS1, and tau proteins, glucose metabolism was found to be normalized in forebrain areas after liraglutide treatment, demonstrating that neuronal metabolic activity was normalized. A clinical trial testing liraglutide in patients with AD is currently ongoing.