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A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of pica during pregnancy and the postpartum period
Author(s) -
Fawcett Emily J.,
Fawcett Jonathan M.,
Mazmanian Dwight
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
international journal of gynecology and obstetrics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.895
H-Index - 97
eISSN - 1879-3479
pISSN - 0020-7292
DOI - 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.10.012
Subject(s) - medicine , obstetrics , pica (typography) , pregnancy , postpartum period , meta analysis , period (music) , perinatal period , genetics , world wide web , computer science , biology , physics , acoustics
Background Although pica has long been associated with pregnancy, the exact prevalence in this population remains unknown. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of pica during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and to explain variations in prevalence estimates by examining potential moderating variables. Search strategy PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to February 2014 using the keywords pica, prevalence, and epidemiology. Selection criteria Articles estimating pica prevalence during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period using a self‐report questionnaire or interview were included. Data collection and analysis Study characteristics, pica prevalence, and eight potential moderating variables were recorded (parity, anemia, duration of pregnancy, mean maternal age, education, sampling method employed, region, and publication date). Random‐effects models were employed. Main results In total, 70 studies were included, producing an aggregate prevalence estimate of 27.8% (95% confidence interval 22.8–33.3). In light of substantial heterogeneity within the study model, the primary focus was identifying moderator variables. Pica prevalence was higher in Africa compared with elsewhere in the world, increased as the prevalence of anemia increased, and decreased as educational attainment increased. Conclusions Geographical region, anemia, and education were found to moderate pica prevalence, partially explaining the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates across the literature.