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Gender effects in pain detection: Speed and accuracy in decoding female and male pain expressions
Author(s) -
Riva Paolo,
Sacchi Simona,
Montali Lorenzo,
Frigerio Alessandra
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
european journal of pain
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.305
H-Index - 109
eISSN - 1532-2149
pISSN - 1090-3801
DOI - 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.02.006
Subject(s) - facial expression , disgust , psychology , emotional expression , expression (computer science) , anger , observer (physics) , set (abstract data type) , facial action coding system , affect (linguistics) , developmental psychology , cognitive psychology , social psychology , communication , computer science , physics , quantum mechanics , programming language
The ability to detect facial expressions of pain is crucial in eliciting prosocial behaviors towards the individual experiencing pain. Previous studies have shown that the sufferers' gender can affect the observers' explicit judgment of the pain face, thus suggesting its possible influence on pain decoding. The present study investigates whether the sufferer's gender affects the observer's reflexive or implicit detection of facial expression of pain. More specifically, we used implicit measures to test whether observers detect pained expression more quickly or accurately on male or female faces. In three experimental studies, we devised a set of stimuli using computer‐generated faces. In Experiment 1, prototypical female and male avatars with different facial expressions (pain, anger, disgust, and neutral) were displayed, while subjects' ( N =34) accuracy and speed at identifying the expressions were recorded. In Experiment 2, participants ( N =56) watched videos of the avatars displaying dynamic expressions and had to quickly and accurately identify each expression. In Experiment 3, participants ( N =38) were shown an androgynous avatar face showing different expressions and were asked to identify the face as either female or male. Overall, we found that the target's gender affected the observer's reflexive decoding of the facial expression of pain. Specifically, the results showed that participants, regardless of their gender, were slower and less accurate in recognizing pain expressions (but not other expressions) on female faces. Furthermore, androgynous faces displaying pained expressions were more likely to be categorized as male than female. Several potential explanations are discussed.