WITHDRAWN: A Study of Convulsive Status Epilepticus Cases in Indonesia

Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious health issue in developing countries, with high morbidity and mortality rates of 3%–46%. There are two types of SE, convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) and non-convulsive status epilepticus. The most common type, CSE, is easy to detect but, in several cases, the patients are diagnosed too late to be properly treated and hospitalized. The present study therefore investigated the clinical manifestations of CSE in Indonesia. Patients with CSE treated at a tertiary hospital in Malang, Indonesia were observed retrospectively. Data on patients’ clinical conditions and demographic characteristics were obtained from medical records. In total, 136 patients were diagnosed with CSE (male:female = 1.52:1), and almost one-third of this group were > 50 years of age (30%). Most patients (80.1%) suffered from general tonic–clonic seizures with an onset > 6 h after arrival at the hospital emergency room (63.2%). The most common etiology was withdrawal from an anti-seizure (antiepileptic) drug (31.6%), followed by stroke (24.3%). Patients were treated with diazepam (58.1%), phenytoin (89.7%), and anesthetic drugs (11.8%), 61.8% of the patients overcame seizures. The fatality rate was 19.9%, with the most common causes of death being brain herniation (37.0%), septic shock (29.6%), and respiratory failure (11.1%).