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Emerging evidence indicates associations between extra‐central nervous system (CNS) bacterial infections and an increased risk for dementia; however, epidemiological evidence is still very limited.    Methods  This study involved a retrospective cohort of a national sample of US veterans ( N  = 417,172) aged ≥56 years. Extended Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric comorbidities determined the associations between systemic and localized extra‐CNS bacterial infections occurring >2 years before the initial dementia diagnosis and the risk for dementia.    Results  Exposure to any extra‐CNS bacterial infection was associated with a significantly increased risk for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.20 [95% confidence interval = 1.16–1.24]). Independently, septicemia (HR = 1.39 [1.16–1.66]), bacteremia (HR = 1.22 [1.00–1.49]), osteomyelitis (HR = 1.20 [1.06–1.37]), pneumonia (HR = 1.10 [1.02–1.19]), urinary tract infections (HR = 1.13 [1.08–1.18]), and cellulitis (HR = 1.14 [1.09–1.20]) were associated with a significantly increased risk for dementia.    Discussion  Both systemic and localized extra‐CNS bacterial infections are associated with an increased risk for developing dementia.

Systemic and localized extra‐central nervous system bacterial infections and the risk of dementia among US veterans: A retrospective cohort study