Open AccessCognitive impairment among World Trade Center responders: Long‐term implications of re‐experiencing the 9/11 terrorist attacks
Author(s) -
Clouston Sean A.P.,
Kotov Roman,
Pietrzak Robert H.,
Luft Benjamin J.,
Gonzalez Adam,
Richards Marcus,
Ruggero Camilo J.,
Spiro Avron,
Bromet Evelyn J.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
alzheimer's and dementia: diagnosis, assessment and disease monitoring
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.497
H-Index - 37
ISSN - 2352-8729
DOI - 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.08.001
Subject(s) - dementia , psychiatry , medicine , cognition , clinical psychology , depression (economics) , confidence interval , major depressive disorder , depressive symptoms , disease , economics , macroeconomics
During the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks, responders who helped in search, rescue, and recovery endured multiple traumatic and toxic exposures. One‐fifth subsequently developed post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD has been linked to dementia in veterans. This study examined the association between WTC‐related PTSD and cognitive impairment (CI) in WTC responders. Methods A one‐third sample of responders (N = 818) reporting for annual monitoring visits were screened for cognitive impairment and dementia using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment from January 2014–April 2015. Concurrent diagnoses of PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD), as well as serial PTSD and depressive symptom inventories, collected since 2002, were examined in relation to current CI. Results Approximately 12.8% and 1.2% of responders in this sample respectively had scores indicative of CI and possible dementia. Current PTSD and MDD were associated with CI. Longitudinal results revealed that re‐experiencing symptoms were consistently associated with CI (aRR = 2.88, 95% confidence interval = 1.35–6.22), whereas longitudinal increases in other PTSD and depressive symptoms in the years before screening were evident only among those with CI. Conclusions Analyses replicated results from Veterans studies and further highlighted the importance of re‐experiencing symptoms, a major component of PTSD that was consistently predictive of CI 14 years later. Clinicians should monitor CI when treating individuals with chronic PTSD.