Open AccessImmunomodulatory and antiparasitic effects of garlic–arteether combination via nitric oxide pathway in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
Author(s) -
P G Vathsala,
P Krishna Murthy
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of parasitic diseases
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.357
H-Index - 21
eISSN - 0975-0703
pISSN - 0971-7196
DOI - 10.1007/s12639-019-01160-0
Subject(s) - plasmodium berghei , parasitemia , spleen , malaria , pharmacology , artemisinin , nitric oxide , biology , combination therapy , immune system , immunology , plasmodium falciparum , endocrinology
Many reports indicate medicinal value of garlic ( Allium sativum ), a popular herbal medicine used worldwide, and its therapeutic effect against several diseases. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown a potential therapeutic role of garlic-artemisinin combination in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei . A single dose of α, β-arteether with three oral doses of garlic provides almost 95% protection. The present study aims to understand the mode of action of this combination. We have documented the level of nitric oxide (NO), a key molecule of protection and have seen in the reversal of organ morphology caused by malaria infection. The combination effects on the (a) survival rate and degree of parasitemia and (b) NO levels in blood, liver, spleen and thymus of malaria-infected mice were investigated. During the study, liver, spleen and thymus cell suspensions were assessed for immunobiochemical alterations of NO levels. The increase in NO level after infection appears to be unable to protect, whereas striking increase in spleen and thymus leads to protection against infection, and is further confirmed by detection of increased inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression levels in different organs by RT-PCR. In addition, the role of T cell subsets during combination treatment was also studied. All these results indicate a potential mechanism of protection through NO pathway in combination-treated animals after malaria infection and may lead to an immunotherapy trial of malaria disease.