Advances in the study of the peripheral nervous system for erection in animals and humans

Since Walsh first emphasized the importance of preserving the neurovascular bundle n to protect the cavernous nerve during pelvic surgery, patients’ sexual life quality has dramatically improved. Today, nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy is the established gold standard for organ‐confined prostate cancer patients. Recent technical advances in functional assessment such as intraoperative electrical stimulation have unveiled new anatomical features and physiological roles. Basic research has advanced understanding of cavernous nerve function, while molecular biology has uncovered the crucial role of neuronal nitric oxide in mediating erection, and has led to new treatments such as phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors. A recent focus in cavernous nerve research concerns the nerve distribution external to the neurovascular bundle. The cavernous nerves in humans appear to be distributed more widely beneath the lateral pelvic fascia than in other animals, and electrical stimulation studies suggest possible involvement of these nerves in erection. These findings have prompted new surgical techniques such as the “veil of Aphrodite”, or “intrafascial nerve‐sparing” procedures. Materials and Methods These recent anatomical and physiological studies in humans and animals and their impact are reviewed in this article. Conclusions Further investigation should stimulate future advances in strategies to preserve erectile function in RP patients.