Does Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Count in Pre-autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Peripheral Blood and Apheresis Product Predict for Infectious Complications in the Post-transplant Period?

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have gained attention in the recent past considering their multipotentiality and organ-healing properties. Exogenous administration of MSC in the pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) setting has been reported to enhance engraftment, heal graft-vs-host disease and increase infections in the post-HSCT period. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of endogenous pre-HSCT MSC on the post-HSCT infectious complications in patients undergoing autologous-HSCT. The study included patients undergoing autologous-HSCT (n = 25; multiple myeloma-20, lymphoma-5). MSC were analyzed and quantified by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood (PB) at baseline, and in both PB and apheresis product (AP) following mobilization with growth factors. Pre-HSCT MSC (PB/AP) were correlated with the post-HSCT duration of febrile neutropenia and duration of antimicrobial drugs using Pearson's correlation co-efficient, and with the mucositis grade using Spearman's rank correlation. Pre-HSCT MSC (baseline and post-mobilization) correlated positively with the longer duration of febrile neutropenia and duration of antimicrobials used in the post-HSCT period ( p  < 0.05). Pre-HSCT MSC failed to correlate with post-HSCT engraftment and onset/severity/duration of oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Endogenous pre-HSCT MSC counts might predict for increased infectious complications in the post autologous-HSCT setting.