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Wax Ester Variation in Olive Oils Produced in Calabria (Southern Italy) During Olive Ripening
Author(s) -
Giuffrè A. M.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of the american oil chemists' society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.512
H-Index - 117
eISSN - 1558-9331
pISSN - 0003-021X
DOI - 10.1007/s11746-014-2476-4
Subject(s) - wax , ripening , cultivar , olive oil , chemistry , phytol , horticulture , gas chromatography , food science , botany , chromatography , biology , organic chemistry , biochemistry
The wax ester composition of pressed olive oil and its variation during olive ripening were investigated by column chromatography/GC‐on column technique. Six compounds were identified: C 36 , C 38 , C 40 , C 42 , C 44 and C 46 wax esters, which were grouped as total detected wax esters (TDWEs). The European Union (EU) includes C 40 , C 42 , C 44 and C 46 waxes (TEWEs) as a distinctive characteristic between different categories, with a maximum total content ≤250 mg/kg for an extra virgin olive oil. The International Olive Council (IOC) includes C 42 , C 44 and C 46 waxes (TIOCWEs) as a purity parameter, with a maximum total content ≤150 mg/kg for an extra virgin olive oil. The analytical technique proposed by EU and IOC do not separate the wax esters from fatty acids esters with diterpenic alcohols (phytol and geranylgeraniol) that interfere with detected peaks. Although the examined cultivars were grown in the same geographical area and the same agricultural practices were applied to the trees, ANOVA analysis found significant differences among the oils extracted with the same machinery. The oil produced from the Itrana cultivar showed the lowest content in TEWEs (25.00–39.00 mg/kg) and in TIOCWEs (5.67–9.00 mg/kg). Wax content in Leccino and Pendolino cultivars showed a significant tendency to decrease during olive maturation, and a tendency to increase in all other cultivars from the first to the last harvest date when olive pigmentation changed from green to black.