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An evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction as an analytical tool to determine fat in canola, flax, solin, and mustard
Author(s) -
Barthet Véronique J.,
Daun James K.
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
journal of the american oil chemists' society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.512
H-Index - 117
eISSN - 1558-9331
pISSN - 0003-021X
DOI - 10.1007/s11746-002-0468-8
Subject(s) - canola , chemistry , extraction (chemistry) , chromatography , supercritical fluid extraction , petroleum ether , vegetable oil , supercritical fluid , food science , organic chemistry
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide was used to extract oil from soft oilseeds (flax, solin, canola, and mustard). Oil content determinations from the SFE method AOCS Am 3–96, with and without ethanol as a modifier, were compared to results obtained with an exhaustive extraction using petroleum ether (FOSFA as in AOCS Am 2–93). Without the modifier, oil recoveries using SFE were 10 to 15% lower than oil contents by the FOSFA method for the flax and canola samples. For mustard, the oil recoveries by SFE were about 20 to 30% lower than oil contents by the FOSFA method. In the presence of the modifier, oil recoveries for flax and canola were about 3% lower than the FOSFA recoveries. Varying the time, temperature, and amount of modifier (ethanol) showed that recoveries increased with time, pressure, temperature, and amount of modifier independently of the oilseeds tested. Kinetics of the SFE extraction showed that the oil recoveries increased with the extraction time and reached a plateau after 60 min. Multiple extractions (2×30 min), however, gave better recoveries than a single extraction for the same amount of time (60 min). The best results were obtained using multiple extractions without modifier or a combination of multiple extractions first without and then with 15% modifier. Under these last two conditions, oil recoveries were close to 100% for flax, solin, and canola, but mustard oil recoveries were still 10% lower than recoveries using the FOSFA method. Mustard samples gave the lowest oil recovery from SFE when compared to FOSFA method recoveries whatever conditions were tested, suggesting a matrix effect on the oil recovery. The acyl lipid content of the various extracts was studied using the sum of all FA expressed as TAG as a measure of acyl lipid extraction. The acyl lipid contents of the extracts were close to 100% when no modifier was used during the SFE. In the presence of modifier, the acyl lipid contents of the extracts were 10 to 15% lower than the results obtained without modifier. The amount of acyl lipid in the extract decreased as the quantity of modifier increased. This suggests that increasing the ethanol modifier increased the amount of polar compounds extracted without significantly increasing the total amount of lipids. The FA profiles were constant throughout the various extraction procedures.