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The adult galactosemic phenotype
Author(s) -
Waisbren Susan E.,
Potter Nancy L.,
Gordon Catherine M.,
Green Robert C.,
Greenstein Patricia,
Gubbels Cynthia S.,
RubioGozalbo Estela,
Schomer Donald,
Welt Corrine,
Anastasoaie Vera,
D'Anna Kali,
Gentile Jennifer,
Guo ChaoYu,
Hecht Leah,
Jackson Roberta,
Jansma Bernadette M.,
Li Yijun,
Lip Va,
Miller David T.,
Murray Michael,
Power Leslie,
Quinn Nicolle,
Rohr Frances,
Shen Yiping,
SkinderMeredith Amy,
Timmers Inge,
Tunick Rachel,
Wessel Ann,
Wu BaiLin,
Levy Harvey,
Elsas Louis,
Berry Gerard T.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of inherited metabolic disease
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.462
H-Index - 102
eISSN - 1573-2665
pISSN - 0141-8955
DOI - 10.1007/s10545-011-9372-y
Subject(s) - galactosemia , depression (economics) , ataxia , anxiety , medicine , pediatrics , apraxia , dysarthria , psychology , hypergonadotropic hypogonadism , endocrinology , physiology , audiology , psychiatry , biology , biochemistry , aphasia , hormone , galactose , economics , macroeconomics
Background Classic galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder due to galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency. Newborn screening and early treatment do not completely prevent tremor, speech deficits, and diminished IQ in both sexes and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in women. Data on how individuals with galactosemia fare as adults will improve our ability to predict disease progression. Methods Thirty‐three adults (mean age = 32.6 ± 11.7 years; range = 18–59) with classic galactosemia, confirmed by genotype and undetectable GALT enzyme activity, were evaluated. Analyses assessed associations among age, genotype, clinical features and laboratory measures. Results The sample included 17 men and 16 women. Subjects exhibited cataracts (21%), low bone density (24%), tremor (46%), ataxia (15%), dysarthria (24%), and apraxia of speech (9%). Subjects reported depression (39%) and anxiety (67%). Mean full scale IQ was 88 ± 20, (range = 55–122). All subjects followed a dairy‐free diet and 75–80% reported low intake of calcium and vitamin D. Mean height, weight and body mass were within established norms. All female subjects had been diagnosed with POI. One woman and two men had had children. Logistic regression analyses revealed no associations between age, genotype or gender with IQ, tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, apraxia of speech or anxiety. Each 10‐ year increment of age was associated with a twofold increase in odds of depression. Conclusions Taken together, these data do not support the hypothesis that galactosemia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. However, greater attention to depression, anxiety, and social relationships may relieve the impact of this disorder in adults.