Late sodium current (INaL) in pancreatic β-cells

Recent evidence of beneficial effects of ranolazine (RAN) in type II diabetes motivates interest in the role of the late sodium current (INaL) in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In the present work, we characterize INaL and its function in rat INS-1E cells and human islets cells. INaL was identified as steady-state current blocked by 10 μM RAN (IRAN) or 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX) (ITTX). Veratridine (VERA, 40 μM) was used as INaL enhancer. Baseline INaL was similar between INS-1E and human islet cells. In INS-1E cells, activated by glucose or tolbutamide, TTX or RAN hyperpolarized membrane potential (V m). VERA-induced depolarization was countered by TTX or RAN. ITTX and IRAN reversal potentials were negative to Na(+) equilibrium one, but they approached it after Na(+) substitution with Li(+) or when K(+) channels were blocked. This revealed INaL coupling with Na(+)-activated K(+) current (IKNa); expression of IKNa channels (Slick/Slack) was confirmed by transcript analysis and Western blot. RAN or TTX blunted cytosolic Ca(2+) response to depolarization. Long-term incubation in high (33 mM) glucose (CHG) constitutively enhanced INaL. VERA immediately increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. CHG increased glucose-independent secretion instead and abolished the secretory response to glucose. RAN or TTX countered VERA- and CHG-induced changes in insulin secretion. Our study demonstrated that (1) INaL was expressed in insulin-secreting cells and coupled to IKNa; INaL affected cytosolic Ca(2+) but, unless enhanced, barely contributed to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS); and (2) sustained hyperglycemic stress enhanced INaL, which contributed to the attending increase of glucose-independent insulin "leak" and GSIS impairment.