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An improved method for evaluating detergent builders for water hardness control
Author(s) -
McDonell J. A.,
Liu A.
Publication year - 1987
Publication title -
journal of the american oil chemists' society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.512
H-Index - 117
eISSN - 1558-9331
pISSN - 0003-021X
DOI - 10.1007/bf02640103
Subject(s) - magnesium , precipitation , calcium carbonate , chemistry , calcium hydroxide , calcium , inductively coupled plasma , hydroxide , carbonate , filtration (mathematics) , crystal (programming language) , chromatography , chemical engineering , inorganic chemistry , plasma , mathematics , organic chemistry , physics , statistics , quantum mechanics , meteorology , computer science , engineering , programming language
Commercial detergent additives to control water hardness may act through sequestration, crystal growth inhibition, precipitation, or ion exchange. These builders lower the free hardness (Ca ++ , Mg ++ concentration by different mechanisms. A full factorially designed experiment has been developed to evaluate builders functioning by the sequestration or crystal growth inhibition of calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The builder's performance is determined by its ability to prevent precipitation while in the presence of carbonate and hardness ions. The tests are based on incubation followed by filtration and determination of calcium and magnesium in the filtrate by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). Variables in the design include builder concentration, temperature, pH and time. Regression equations and response surfaces for tripolyphosphate and several polyacrylates and phosphonates are included.