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Soap‐based detergent formulations: XVIII. Effect of structure variations on surface‐active properties of sulfur containing amphoteric surfactants
Author(s) -
Parris N.,
Weil J. K.,
Linfield W. M.
Publication year - 1976
Publication title -
journal of the american oil chemists' society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.512
H-Index - 117
eISSN - 1558-9331
pISSN - 0003-021X
DOI - 10.1007/bf02635957
Subject(s) - chemistry , pulmonary surfactant , solubility , alkyl , ammonium bromide , krafft temperature , ammonium , sulfation , critical micelle concentration , organic chemistry , hydrolysis , sodium , nuclear chemistry , amine gas treating , micelle , aqueous solution , biochemistry
Abstract Quaternary ammonium amphoteric surfactants have been found in the past to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents and detergents but exhibit unusual solubility behavior. In search of a relationship between chemical structure and surface‐active properties, compounds having the following general formula were synthesized: ZN + (CH 3 ) 2 (CH 2 ) n X − , where Z is C 12 H 25 ‐, C 14 H 29 ‐, C 16 H 33 ‐, or C 15 H 31 CONHC 3 H 6 ‐, n is 2, 3, or 4 and X is SO 3 ‐ or OSO 3 ‐. Tertiary amines were converted to sulfobetaines (X=SO 3 ‐) by reaction with (a) butanesultone (n=4), (b) propanesultone (n=3), or (c) sodium 2‐bromoethanesulfonate (n=2). An alternate synthesis for the sulfoethylbetaines (n=2) involved the reaction of the tertiary amines with ethylene bromide, followed by treatment with sodium sulfite. All sulfated quaternary ammonium compounds (X=OSO 3 ‐) were synthesized by treatment of the tertiary amine with the appropriate chloroalcohol, followed by sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfated quaternary ammonium amphoterics are stable to acid hydrolysis, and alkaline stability improves with increasing bridge chain length. Sulfoethyl amphoterics are less water soluble than sulfobutyl, which in turn are less soluble than sulfopropyl derivatives of the same alkyl chain length. For the most part, the sulfated amphoterics are insoluble but are solubilized by soap. The lime soap dispersing properties improve as the carbon chain bridge length increases for both the sulfates and sulfonates. Formulations of tallow soap, amphoteric surfactant, and sodium silicates gave good detergency in most cases.