Variation in the parental care systems of mammals and the impact on zoo breeding programs

The identity of mammalian caregivers, the types of care each may provide to young, and the developmental, ecological, and social factors that influence the amount and distribution of care are discussed. Care is distinguished from use and abuse in terms of the impact on the survival of young. Some effects of the failure to allow for adequate maternal care are described, and various management strategies to promote adequate and appropriate care behaviors are identified. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.