An integrative approach to environmental engineering in zoos

Zoos have shifted recently from the historical tendency to display as many species as possible to an emphasis on improved education and captive propagation. Many enlightened zoo administrations attempt to achieve these goals through creation of exhibits that mimic animals' natural physical and social environments, as extrapolated from field studies. An adjunct is the increased use of technology as a tool in environmental engineering, the term used herein to refer to the design of habitats for captive animals. Recently there has been discussion about the degree of technological control that is appropriate in zoo displays. One progressive group has proposed that natural resources and technology should only be used to enhance displays passively. Their efforts are concentrated on simulation of natural physical and social environments. Another group has suggested that technology should play an active role in the design of captive environments. They attempt to modify displays so that captive animals participate actively to obtain food. This paper first reviews the literature of both groups and suggests an integration of their views. The second section illustrates how both methods may be used to solve problems zoos face with animals during reproduction, development, and adulthood.