Premium
Characterization of PM 2 .5 at a traffic site using several integrated analytical techniques
Author(s) -
Hamdan Nasser M.,
Alawadhi Hussain,
Shameer Mohamed
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
x‐ray spectrometry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.447
H-Index - 45
eISSN - 1097-4539
pISSN - 0049-8246
DOI - 10.1002/xrs.3201
Subject(s) - enrichment factor , particulates , environmental chemistry , calcite , gravimetric analysis , mineralogy , analytical chemistry (journal) , chemistry , heavy metals , organic chemistry
We have conducted a comprehensive, year‐long, sampling campaign for particulate matter (PM) at a site near a major highway, following standard protocols. Total mass, elemental and chemical composition of the fine fractions (PM 2.5 ) of particulates originating from traffic are determined using several complementary techniques. These complementary techniques include gravimetric analysis, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and black carbon multiwavelength absorption. Conducting an enrichment factor analysis and correlation coefficient calculations on elements show that Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Mg, K, Na and Cr are of crustal origin, while P, Cl and V are enriched slightly from human activities. All other measured elements (Rb, Zr, Ba, Sr, S, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) have high enrichment factors and relate to anthropogenic sources. Sulfates in the form of mascagnite and koktaite had the largest contribution to PM 2.5 (43% of total PM concentration). Natural pollutants such as quartz, calcite, iron oxide and aluminum oxide originating from the crust also contribute to PM 2.5 . eBC and elements such as Zn, Ba, Cu, Fe and S are related to traffic emissions such as exhaust emissions and tire, brakes and road erosion. Correlation coefficients and enrichment factor calculations helped identify elements that are related to natural emissions and those related to anthropogenic sources. Being an arid region, the PM 2.5 mass concentrations were found to be within or slightly above international air quality standards.