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Regulation of antiviral innate immunity by chemical modification of viral RNA
Author(s) -
Li Na,
Rana Tariq M.
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
wiley interdisciplinary reviews: rna
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.225
H-Index - 71
eISSN - 1757-7012
pISSN - 1757-7004
DOI - 10.1002/wrna.1720
Subject(s) - rna , biology , innate immune system , rna silencing , non coding rna , rna dependent rna polymerase , rna editing , ribonucleoprotein , microbiology and biotechnology , gene , rna interference , genetics , immune system
More than 100 chemical modifications of RNA, termed the epitranscriptome, have been described, most of which occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal, transfer, and noncoding RNA and eukaryotic messenger RNA. DNA and RNA viruses can modify their RNA either directly via genome‐encoded enzymes or by hijacking the host enzymatic machinery. Among the many RNA modifications described to date, four play particularly important roles in promoting viral infection by facilitating viral gene expression and replication and by enabling escape from the host innate immune response. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the RNA modifications such as N 6 ‐methyladenosine (m6A), N 6 ,2′‐ O ‐dimethyladenosine (m6Am), 5‐methylcytidine (m5C), N4‐acetylcytidine (ac4C), and 2′‐ O ‐methylation (Nm) promote viral replication and/or suppress recognition by innate sensors and downstream activation of the host antiviral response. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution