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Regulation of cancer‐immunity cycle and tumor microenvironment by nanobiomaterials to enhance tumor immunotherapy
Author(s) -
Yang Jingxing,
Zhang Chunfu
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
wiley interdisciplinary reviews: nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.175
H-Index - 72
eISSN - 1939-0041
pISSN - 1939-5116
DOI - 10.1002/wnan.1612
Subject(s) - tumor microenvironment , immunotherapy , immune system , cancer immunotherapy , immune checkpoint , cancer , immunogenicity , nanomedicine , medicine , cancer research , immunology , nanotechnology , materials science , nanoparticle
In the past decade, we have witnessed the revolution in cancer therapy, especially in the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy. In particular, the introduction of nanomedicine has achieved great improvement in breaking the limitations of and immunological tolerance caused by clinic‐approved immunotherapies (cancer vaccine, CAR‐T, and immune checkpoint blockade) to enhance immunogenicity, antigen presentation and T lymphocyte infiltration for eradicating the primary tumors and distant metastases simultaneously. However, some fundamental but significant issues still need to be thoroughly clarified before the combination of nanomedicine and immunotherapy moves toward clinical translation such as biological safety and synergistic mechanisms of nanomaterials in the systematic immune responses. Therefore, in this review, the role of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy is summarized, mainly focusing on the effective activation and long‐term stimulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses and regulation of or remodeling the tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on the targets and challenges of nanomaterials in the cancer‐immunity cycle, summarize several main strategies to convert the cold tumor immune microenvironment to the hot one, and illustrate the progress in regulation of tumor immune microenvironment by targeting specific immunosuppressive cells. Finally, we prospect the nano‐combined immunotherapy strategies in tumor‐targeting, normalization of tumor immune environment and modification of macrophages. This article is characterized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

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