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Avian malaria affecting penguins in zoological gardens, aquariums and wildlife parks in the UK
Author(s) -
HernandezColina Arturo,
GonzalezOlvera Merit,
Eckley Lindsay,
Lopez Javier,
Baylis Matthew
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
veterinary record
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.261
H-Index - 99
eISSN - 2042-7670
pISSN - 0042-4900
DOI - 10.1002/vetr.511
Subject(s) - captivity , wildlife , malaria , outbreak , avian malaria , influenza a virus subtype h5n1 , environmental health , geography , veterinary medicine , fishery , environmental protection , zoology , biology , ecology , medicine , virology , virus , gametocyte , plasmodium falciparum , immunology
Background Avian malaria has caused mortalities in captive penguins worldwide and it is a conservation threat for some wild penguins. The experience of staff working on penguins is highly valuable for the improvement of captivity conditions. Methods An online questionnaire was designed to collect avian malaria information in penguins in the UK. Volunteers with diverse experience reviewed it for scientific value and clarity, and it was supported by the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Results Forty‐two institutions were contacted by email, obtaining 27 complete and five partial responses. Eighteen institutions reported avian malaria in 38 suspected and 37 confirmed outbreaks in the past 20 years, mainly occurring in the summer and recent years. Proportional risk was higher in the south east region of England. Humboldt and African penguins were more commonly affected, and prevalence was mostly low or medium, but lethality was high. Different treatment protocols were reported with inconsistent outcomes. Conclusions Penguins’ susceptibility, their translocation across institutions, and the wide distribution of avian malaria make this disease a constant threat. Preventive and control measures are recommended, including testing for early diagnosis and treatment, avoiding prolonged stressful events in penguins, and monitoring and controlling mosquito vectors.