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The fetal venous system, Part I: normal embryology, anatomy, hemodynamics, ultrasound evaluation and Doppler investigation
Author(s) -
Yagel S.,
Kivilevitch Z.,
Cohen S. M.,
Valsky D. V.,
Messing B.,
Shen O.,
Achiron R.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.202
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1469-0705
pISSN - 0960-7692
DOI - 10.1002/uog.7618
Subject(s) - embryology , medicine , anatomy , fetus , hemodynamics , doppler ultrasound , modalities , ultrasound , radiology , cardiology , pregnancy , biology , social science , sociology , genetics
Since its introduction in the mid‐1980s sonographic evaluation of the human fetal venous system has advanced dramatically. The venous system is well‐recognized as a target for investigation in cases of circulatory compromise, and a broad spectrum of malformations affecting this system has been described. Appreciation of the normal embryology, anatomy and physiology of this system is essential to an understanding of structural anomalies and the sequential changes encountered in intrauterine growth restriction or other developmental disorders. We review the normal embryology, anatomy, and hemodynamics of the human fetal venous system, and provide an overview of Doppler investigation, as well as three‐ and four‐dimensional ultrasound modalities and their application to this system. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.