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Prenatal stomach position predicts gastrointestinal morbidity at 2 years in fetuses with left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Author(s) -
Cordier A. G.,
Laup L.,
Letourneau A.,
Le Sache N.,
Fouquet V.,
Senat M. V.,
Perrotin F.,
Rosenblatt J.,
Sananes N.,
Jouannic J. M.,
Benoist G.,
Jani J. C.,
Benachi A.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.202
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1469-0705
pISSN - 0960-7692
DOI - 10.1002/uog.22086
Subject(s) - medicine , stomach , congenital diaphragmatic hernia , diaphragmatic hernia , fetus , diaphragmatic breathing , surgery , hernia , pregnancy , pathology , alternative medicine , biology , genetics
Objective The long‐term morbidity associated with isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been described previously. However, antenatal criteria impacting gastrointestinal morbidity (GIM) are not yet defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fetal stomach position on the risk of GIM at 2 years of age in children with left‐sided CDH. Methods This was a retrospective, observational multicenter cohort study of data obtained from January 2010 to January 2014, that included patients whose fetus had isolated left‐sided CDH, with or without fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO). Prenatal maternal, fetal and pediatric data were collected. Fetal stomach position was evaluated a posteriori by two observers, using ultrasound images at the level of the four‐chamber view of the heart that had been obtained to calculate the observed‐to‐expected lung‐area‐to‐head‐circumference ratio (O/E‐LHR). Fetal stomach position was graded as follows: Grade 1, stomach not visualized; Grade 2, stomach visualized anteriorly, next to the apex of the heart, with no structure in between the stomach and the sternum; Grade 3, stomach visualized alongside the left ventricle of the heart, and abdominal structures anteriorly; or Grade 4, as Grade 3 but with stomach posterior to the level of the atrioventricular heart valves. The primary outcome was GIM at 2 years of age, assessed in a composite manner, including the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, need for gastrostomy, duration of parenteral and enteral nutrition and persistence of oral aversion. Regression analysis was performed in order to investigate the effect of O/E‐LHR, stomach position and FETO on various GIM outcome variables. Results Forty‐seven patients with fetal left‐sided CDH were included in the analysis. Thirteen (27.7%) infants did not meet the criterion of exclusive oral feeding at 2 years of age. Fetal stomach position grade was associated significantly and independently with the duration of parenteral nutrition (odds ratio (OR), 19.86; P = 0.031) and persistence of oral aversion at 2 years (OR, 3.40; P = 0.006). On multivariate analysis, O/E‐LHR was predictive of the need for prosthetic patch repair, but not for GIM. FETO did not seem to affect the risk of GIM at 2 years. Conclusion In isolated left‐sided CDH, fetal stomach position is the only factor that is predictive of GIM at 2 years of age. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.