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Posterior compartment prolapse on two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound: the distinction between true rectocele, perineal hypermobility and enterocele
Author(s) -
Dietz H. P.,
Steensma A. B.
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.202
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1469-0705
pISSN - 0960-7692
DOI - 10.1002/uog.1930
Subject(s) - medicine , pelvic floor , vagina , rectal prolapse , surgery , supine position , obstructed defecation , ultrasound , joint hypermobility , anatomy , radiology , rectum
Objectives Posterior compartment descent may encompass perineal hypermobility, isolated enterocele or a ‘true’ rectocele due to a rectovaginal septal defect. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of these conditions in a urogynecological population. Methods One hundred and ninety‐eight women were clinically evaluated for prolapse and examined by translabial ultrasound, supine and after voiding, using three‐dimensional capable equipment with a 7–4‐MHz volume transducer. Downwards displacement of rectocele or rectal ampulla was used to quantify posterior compartment prolapse. A rectovaginal septal defect was seen as a sharp discontinuity in the ventral anorectal muscularis. Results Clinically, a rectocele was diagnosed in 112 (56%) cases. Rectovaginal septal defects were observed sonographically in 78 (39%) women. There was a highly significant relationship between ultrasound and clinical grading ( P < 0.001). Of 112 clinical rectoceles, 63 (56%) cases showed a fascial defect, eight (7%) showed perineal hypermobility without fascial defect, and in three (3%) cases there was an isolated enterocele. In 38 (34%) cases, no sonographic abnormality was detected. Neither position of the ampulla nor presence, width or depth of defects correlated with vaginal parity. In contrast, age showed a weak association with rectal descent ( r = −0.212, P = 0.003), the presence of fascial defects ( P = 0.002) and their depth ( P = 0.02). Conclusions Rectovaginal septal defects are readily identified on translabial ultrasound as a herniation of rectal wall and contents into the vagina. Approximately one‐third of clinical rectoceles do not show a sonographic defect, and the presence of a defect is associated with age, not parity. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.