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Inhibition of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by apigenin through induction of G2/M arrest and histone H3 acetylation‐mediated p21 WAF1/CIP1 expression
Author(s) -
Tseng TsuiHwa,
Chien MingHsien,
Lin WeaLung,
Wen YuChing,
Chow JyhMing,
Chen ChiKuan,
Kuo TsangChih,
Lee WeiJiunn
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
environmental toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.813
H-Index - 77
eISSN - 1522-7278
pISSN - 1520-4081
DOI - 10.1002/tox.22247
Subject(s) - apigenin , cell cycle , cyclin dependent kinase 1 , cancer research , histone h3 , chromatin immunoprecipitation , histone deacetylase , chemistry , acetylation , cell growth , cyclin a , cell cycle checkpoint , trichostatin a , cyclin b , histone deacetylase inhibitor , microbiology and biotechnology , cyclin dependent kinase , histone , cyclin , biology , cell , biochemistry , gene expression , promoter , flavonoid , gene , antioxidant
ABSTRACT Apigenin (4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone), a flavonoid commonly found in fruits and vegetables, has anticancer properties in various malignant cancer cells. However, the molecular basis of the anticancer effect remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the induction of cell cycle arrest by apigenin. Our results showed that apigenin at the nonapoptotic induction concentration inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in the MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell line. Immunoblot analysis indicated that apigenin suppressed the expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, and cyclin‐dependent kinase‐1 (CDK1), which control the G2‐to‐M phase transition in the cell cycle. In addition, apigenin upregulated p21 WAF1/CIP1 and increased the interaction of p21 WAF1/CIP1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which inhibits cell cycle progression. Furthermore, apigenin significantly inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and induced histone H3 acetylation. The subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay indicated that apigenin increased acetylation of histone H3 in the p21 WAF1/CIP1 promoter region, resulting in the increase of p21 WAF1/CIP1 transcription. In a tumor xenograft model, apigenin effectively delayed tumor growth. In these apigenin‐treated tumors, we also observed reductions in the levels of cyclin A and cyclin B and increases in the levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 and acetylated histone H3. These findings demonstrate for the first time that apigenin can be used in breast cancer prevention and treatment through epigenetic regulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 434–444, 2017.