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4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine Induces Apoptosis in Mardin–Darby canine kidney cells via activation of caspases
Author(s) -
Onn Leong Chee,
Ching Chen Ssu,
Lian Tiong Yee,
Foon Loh Veng,
Chew Hee Ng,
Moi Chye Soi
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
environmental toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.813
H-Index - 77
eISSN - 1522-7278
pISSN - 1520-4081
DOI - 10.1002/tox.21792
Subject(s) - apoptosis , reactive oxygen species , intracellular , chemistry , caspase , cell cycle , in vivo , programmed cell death , cytotoxicity , glutathione , in vitro , viability assay , kidney , carcinogen , microbiology and biotechnology , biochemistry , biology , endocrinology , enzyme , genetics
4‐Chloro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine (4‐Cl‐ o ‐PD) is a halogenated aromatic diamine that was used as a precursor for manufacturing permanent hair dyes. Despite its well‐documented mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in a number of in vitro and in vivo models, its cytotoxicity and mode of action have not received similar attention. Here, we investigated the effect of 4‐Cl‐ o ‐PD on Mardin–Darby canine kidney cells. It induced apoptosis and the evidence suggests its initiation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of various assays used show a dose‐dependent (i) decrease in cell viability, (ii) increase in cells at sub‐G1 phase and the G0/G1 phase arrested in cell cycle, (iii) increase in intracellular ROS accompanied by depletion of glutathione, and (iv) that apoptotic cell death probably involves activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 655–664, 2014.